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White blood cells proliferate and divide uncontrollably in leukaemia, a kind of blood cancer. It takes place in the bone marrow, which is where all blood cell types are made. Excessive production of white blood cells can interfere with blood cells' ability to operate normally. Leukaemia also interferes with the synthesis and function of other blood cells.
The cost of leukaemia treatment for Indian patients ranges from USD 10800 to USD 14400. The price range for patients from abroad is USD 16200 to USD 19800. Individual factors, however, may influence each patient's overall leukaemia treatment costs.
What is leukaemia?
The rapid proliferation of aberrant blood cells is a hallmark of leukaemia, a type of blood cancer. Your bone marrow, which produces the majority of your body's blood, is where this unchecked growth occurs. White blood cells with leukaemia are typically immature, or still in the process of forming. The Greek words leukos, meaning "white," and haima, meaning "blood," are the origin of the name leukaemia.
Leukaemia, in contrast to other malignancies, typically does not develop into a lump (tumour) that appears on imaging tests like CT or X-rays.
Leukaemia comes in a variety of forms. While some are more prevalent in adults, others are more prevalent in children. The type of leukaemia and other variables determine the course of treatment.
How does leukaemia develop?
The soft, spongy tissue called bone marrow, which is located in the inner cavity of your bones and is where your body makes its blood cells, is where leukaemia starts. Before becoming fully developed, blood cells travel through several phases. Normal, mature blood cells consist of:
Red blood cells: These are the cells that supply all of your body's tissues and organs with oxygen and other essential substances.
White blood cells: Anti-infection cells.
Platelets are cells that aid in blood coagulation.
These blood cells come from stem cells called haematopoietic (hemo = blood, poiesis = formation). The stem cells differentiate into either lymphoid (LIM-foyd) or myeloid (MAI-uh-loyd) cells. The adult forms of blood cells would be as follows if they were to continue developing typically:
Red blood cells, platelets, and some forms of white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are all produced by myeloid cells.
Specific white blood cells (lymphocytes and natural killer cells) are produced from lymphoid cells.
On the other hand, one of the developing blood cells starts to grow uncontrollably if you have leukaemia. Your bone marrow begins to fill with these aberrant cells, known as leukaemia cells. They displace the cells attempting to differentiate into healthy platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells.
The cost of leukaemia treatment for Indian patients ranges from USD 10800 to USD 14400. The price range for patients from abroad is USD 16200 to USD 19800. Individual factors, however, may influence each patient's overall leukaemia treatment costs.
Symptoms and Causes
What are the symptoms of leukaemia?
The type of leukaemia influences the symptoms to some extent. For example, you might not exhibit any symptoms in the early stages of a chronic form of leukaemia.
Typical leukaemia symptoms and indicators include:
Fatigue, easily worn out.
fever or sweats at night.
recurring infections.
breathlessness.
pale skin.
Inexplicable loss of weight.
Discomfort or pain in the bones or joints.
The left side of your ribcage may hurt or feel full.
Enlarged liver or spleen; swollen lymph nodes in the stomach, groin, neck, or underarms.
Easily getting bruised and bleeding, such as nosebleeds, bleeding gums, a rash that resembles tiny red dots on the skin (petechiae), or patches of darkened or purplish skin.
What causes leukaemia?
Leukaemia begins with a single bone marrow cell's DNA changing (mutating). The "instruction code" that determines a cell's growth, development, and death is found in its DNA. Leukaemia cells continue to grow as a result of the mutation, often referred to as a coding error. The mutated DNA is present in every cell that develops from the initial mutant cell.
The reason behind the mutations in these growing cells is unknown to scientists. They have discovered a few common mutations shared by individuals with various leukaemia diagnoses.
Leukaemia Stages
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Stages
M0: acute myeloblastic leukaemia without differentiation
M1: acute leukaemia with limited development of myeloblastic
M2: maturation-associated acute myeloblastic leukaemia
M3: acute leukaemia with promyelocytic
M4: leukaemia with acute myelomonocytic
M4 eos: eosinophilia and acute myelomonocytic leukaemia
M5: monocytic leukaemia acute
Leukaemia Tests
Your doctor must check your bone marrow and blood for signs of leukaemia. They might carry out tests like:
Blood test: A complete blood count (CBC) measures the quantity and maturation of several blood cell types. Smears of blood aid in the diagnosis of anomalies.
A bone marrow biopsy involves inserting a needle into your pelvic bone to extract a sample of bone marrow. Your doctor can use it to determine the kind and severity of your leukaemia.
Spinal tap: This test measures the fluid in your spinal cord. It can let your doctor know how leukaemia is spreading.
Imaging tests: Leukaemia symptoms can be found using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies.
leukaemia Treatment
Your general health, the type of leukaemia you have, and the treatment you receive are all influenced by it. The main choices are as follows:
Chemotherapy
Treatment with biologic radiation therapy
Individualised treatment
Stem cell transplantation
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Medications are used in this treatment to eradicate cancer cells from your bone marrow and blood. The medicine can be acquired by:
Putting a needle into a muscle or vein
as a tablet into the spinal cord's surrounding fluid
Radiation Treatment
It uses high-energy X-rays to kill leukaemia cells or prevent them from growing. It can spread throughout the body or remain confined to a single location with a high concentration of cancer cells.
Biologic treatment/Immunotherapy:
It helps your immune system identify and eliminate cancerous cells. There are medications called interleukins and interferon that can strengthen your body's defences against leukaemia.
Targeted Therapy
By blocking particular genes or proteins, drugs are used to stop the growth of malignant cells. This drug can kill leukaemia cells directly, stop their blood supply, or interfere with the signals that the cells use to divide and expand.
A Stem Cell Transplant
It gives your bone marrow new blood-producing cells to replace the leukaemia cells. The new stem cells may come from a donor or your own body. To eradicate the cancer cells in your bone marrow, you will first get high-dose chemotherapy. After that, you will receive an injection of the new stem cells into one of your veins. They will mature into healthy, new blood cells.
Surgery
Your physician may remove your spleen if it is overflowing with cancerous cells and pressing against nearby organs. The medical word for this procedure is a splenectomy.
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Depending on their age, the type of leukaemia, and other variables, people with leukaemia have varying lifespans. Some, like AML, have much lower five-year survival rates, particularly in older adults, but others, like CLL, have high rates.